ALTERING GEOMETRY

Illustrated is another paddled vase flanked with four flat panels. This vase was glazed in a crystal rich kaki and the spirals and the neck of the piece are glazed in a deep black that has oil-spotted over the spirals. The lugs both correspond to the points where the panels intersect and add a bit more to the profile of the vase as well as aiding in animating the posture of the pot. As I already have mentioned, I like making these vases, it allows me to throw a piece and then with a few additional movements create a form that is "out of round". It is this simple act of altering geometry that interests me in these pots and the right decoration ties the flat surfaces back to the original thrown form rather well.

"There is geometry in the humming of strings, there is music in the spacing of spheres." Pythagoras of Samos (570-495BC)

PAINTED WITH FIRE

This Shigaraki kinuta vase is by Furutani Michio whose construction of the pot, placement in the kiln and exceptional firing have created a lyrical pot that is literally "painted with fire". Like the sun rising over some distant mountain range, this mallet vase is all about landscape, literally a painting in three dimensions created by bare tsuchi-aji, natural ash and hi-iro. Furutani is arguably the best potter to use an anagama from both Iga and Shigaraki pottery during the 20th century. His works builds on a medieval tradition and it is his sensitivity to material and fire that has left a body of work that present such phenomenal blend of katachi and keshiki (form and landscape surface). Given the large number of these forms that Furutani has left, he must have had an affinity and comfort with making them with each one proving to be an exercise in form and foresight as to how and where they would be fired. These simple pots present a narrative that is weathered and understated and though created in the chaotic atmosphere of the anagama carry a tranquil and eloquent tone that will inspire for many generations to come.

JAPANESE CERAMICS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

If you would have asked me years ago, what goes in to assembling a good collection, it would have been easy to say, "it would be composed of the pots that I like". Over the years of seeing notable collections of modern Japanese ceramics, sometimes the how and why the pieces were collected are obvious, other times it appears the pots were collected for their voice and impact on the collector. The later would seem to be the case when looking through the wonderful collection of Betsy and Robert Feinberg. The emphasis of the collection is non-tea oriented functional pots from the medieval traditions, Chinese inspired pottery and painted porcelain with sculptural, yet functional vessels all represented and in nearly every case, there is a clarity of idea and conversation that has been captured in clay. The pots range from a beautiful collection of celadon pieces by Kawase Shinobu to a number of my personal favorites, including; Kohyama Yasuhisa, Kakurezaki Ryuichi, Matsuzaki Ken, Furutani Michio and Higashida Shigemasa.

The hardbound catalogue for the collection; JAPANESE CERAMICS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY is profusely illustrated, 208 pages with an accompanying paragraph with each illustration or covering an artist and a must have. There are three essays included in the book by Betsy Feinberg (collector), Joan Mirviss (dealer) and Robert Mintz (curator) that provide both context and purpose to the collection. On loan to The Walters Art Gallery, each pot is an insight in to each of the various ceramic artists and their tradition or direction providing a wonderful conversational narrative that links each piece from maker, to object, to viewer. In retrospect, it is the persistence and dedication of an informed and receptive collector that makes for a truly thoughtful collection.

WAVE LENGTH

Illustrated is a thrown vase where I have paddled the body square to create 4 intersecting planes. Glazed in a slightly tweaked variant of Shaner's Yellow the wave length design was waxed off with a thin iron glaze brushed over to create medallions over each plane of the pot. I enjoy making pots like this, they are easy to throw and by the simple act of paddling, the geometry and feeling of the pot are changed, round is good but as predominantly a thrower, just round can get a bit monotonous at times. This process solves that problem and keeps me and clay on the same wave length.

"The man that will make such an execrable pun as that...will pick my pocket." John Dennis (1657-1734)

ALL BUSINESS

Rustic and hearty with a compelling stance, this well fired Shigaraki guinomi is a visual delight with its undulating lip reminiscent of a far off landscape. The broad foot matches well with the wide open volume of the guinomi, generous in both size and capacity and all business concerning its one purpose. This well fired little gem is by Kon Chiharu who excelled at a style of firing that is synonymous with his master, Tsuji Seimei. Firing in the Shigaraki style and using Shigaraki kiln and clay, Kon is creating works that are infused with the medieval tradition, a modern eloquence and maybe just a small amount of Niigata, where he lives and works. However you wish to define this wood fired guinomi, the definition is not complete without the word, resolute.

USAGI-BLUE

Though firmly rooted in the year of the horse, this wonderful rabbit okimono is worth a look none the less. The rabbit is ever-present in Japanese art as the lunar hare and a number of other depictions and according to the zodiac, one major characteristic of those born in the year of the rabbit is creativity. Made by Sodeisha co-founder and exceptionally creative ceramic artist, Suzuki Osamu (1926-2001), this pale blue seihakuji rabbit is one of a number of zodiac influenced pieces he made sometime after 1969. Though best known for his powerful, abstracted sculptural works, Suzuki left a large number of smaller and very intimate ceramic works which have little to do with function in the strictest sense, though objects of playfulness, enjoyment and contemplation are function enough. This particular piece is patterned after usagi-ningyo dolls that can be found in and around Kyoto, some with drawstring interiors filled with flagrant incense. Made in multiples, these were simple in design, execution and glazing and flawlessly capture a sense of whimsy and spirit of the ubiquitous Japanese rabbit.

STONE TSUBO

Illustrated is a large ishime-ji style tsubo with incised decoration inlaid in white depicting an abstracted battle scene from an ancient Japanese story. Measuring about 16" tall and the same wide, the piece is called DAN(no)URA and based on the pivotal sea battle between the warring Minamoto and Taira clans during the late 12th century Heike War. Thrown out of white stoneware, the jar has a clear glaze interior and vitreous grey-black and white exterior and fired to both cone 8 and then cone 6. I went with the banded style of decoration to mimic the emaki-mono style of narrative scroll format that was immensely popular for depicting such stories in medieval Japan.

LESS MEANS MORE

It is exceedingly easy to marvel at simplicity. How is it possible to strip away the unwanted encumbrances, additions, distractions, to do away with all the superfluous that can weigh down an object? There is a palpable complexity to simplicity and in its creation, it is never born from over thought, conscious action, rather it springs from a disciplined and well practiced extension of years of unconscious repetition earned over decades of "doing". A simple object exudes a clarity of idea and purpose since there is nothing to clutter the direct intent of its function in a classic example of "less means more". As a potter, I know I can be guilty of "more means more" and though I won't blame our modern times for that stern indoctrination, it is not a simple thing to work consciously in an unconscious manner, for most of us, it goes against our accumulated experiences. It might be this fact alone that makes the creation of simple, honest pots both so difficult and so greatly admired, quite frankly, simple is just awfully hard.

Illustrated is a straightforward and uncomplicated mallet vase by one of the brilliant talents of modern Japan, Hori Ichiro. Uncluttered in form, yet noble and gestural in its simplicity, the pot has been dipped, seemingly, hap-hazardly in a satiny smooth Shino glaze that has created an nearly infinite variety of effects and has painted a masterful surface over the pot. The manner in which the Shino has areas of thick and thin glaze, varying effects, together with rich tsuchi-aji and the aftermath of wood-firing has served to create a pot that is anything but simple. The vase has much to say about the process of creation, materials and the potter, a conversation that may start out as a simple whispered word or two that over time as a lifelong companion, has a great deal to say about its presence, tradition and an artist who has combined the old with the new.

WOOD & CLAY

Illustrated on the left is an austere and weathered wooden kizuchi style mallet, in its own way, it has a sculptural presence and is classical mingei. It is mallets exactly like this one that have inspired potters to turn wood in to clay over a number of centuries and this particular example makes a great test subject. The pot on the right is a rather old haiyu glazed kinuta vase by "ex-salary man" and Mashiko staple; Takauchi Shugo. Created rather early in his pottery career, probably in the mid-1970s, this piece is another simple and casually thrown pot with just the right balance of proportions, throwing marks and gesture to make for a successful form. The use of a thick and runny ash glaze creates further movement in the pot creating dark areas where the glaze has settled in to the throwing lines and the way the glaze is running down the neck creates a wonderful vertical sense to the piece as well as creating a rich pool in the depressed area of the shoulder. Though made early on, this pot shows the individuality, skill and sense of proportion of form that has set Takeuchi Shugo's pottery apart from most potters today.

"That so few now dare to be eccentric marks the chief danger of our times."  John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

A CASUAL FORM

Perhaps my favorite potter who made mallet style vases was Arakawa Toyozo, I know it is not too great a stretch and an easy choice, but many of his pots just don't appear to have been thrown, rather conjured from his mind's eye. His ability to create pots that are the purest embodiment of the tea ethos are unrivaled in 20th century pottery. Having been fortunate enough to see several examples in person and quite a number in books and catalogues, his kinuta forms in Shino, Seto-Guro and Ki-Seto set a monumental standard for the form for his students and just about every other modern potter. From my perspective, it is one of his students that took to heart what Arakawa was trying to express through this particular form and that student was Tsukigata Nahiko. From early on in his career, Tsukigata pursued the ideal of this form, warping it and perfecting it to his own vision over time and like his master (sensei), he created forms that are casual creations that are also spontaneous and unconscious apparitions in clay. Over his more than five decades of potting, Tsukigata left a large number of kinuta forms in a wide variety of styles and each one is a distinct exercise in creating forms that follow in the footsteps of his teacher, a tradition and a pathway that he emblazoned through his unique and bold voice.

Illustrated is an Oni-Shino mallet vase by Tsukigata Nahiko from a portfolio published in the 1980's. I doubt a piece can get more classic for Oni-Shino with a wide array of effects and beautiful green ash built up around the shoulder and cascading down the body of the pot. The posture and appearance of the piece draws direct correlations to worn and weathered wood mallets used, abused and left out exposed to the elements gathering more and more character as time goes by. The contrasting angles of shoulder and mouth happen effortlessly as an extension of a potter who was both familiar and comfortable with the concept through years of studied creation of this casual form. This level of simplicity coupled with such a complex surface is the result of mastery of material, process and fire, that began, the day Tsukigata entered the workshop of Arakawa Toyozo and continued throughout his life in clay.

KINUTA

Though there is no definitive origin for the all wood mallet, it is safe to say it was being used by both the ancient Egyptians and throughout China at all roughly the same time. For ease sake and for definition, the mallet I am referring to is called a kizuchi in Japan, a wooden handle with a wooden head. As with most forms, at some point this form transitioned from the tool archetype to ceramic object. This would seem to have occurred sometime in the Sung Dynasty (1127-1279) with the kinuta* forms being popular in Northern and Southern Sung, though to best be perfected in the Longquan celadon of the Southern Sung (Zhejiang Province). The kinuta of the North Sung tend to be unadorned and pure in form and those of Southern Sung see the additions of a flared mouth and handles, though the unadorned type is seen in the south at the same time as well. Most of these pieces were glazed in the sumptuous Longquan celadon creating a rather noble and elegant statement of form and purity of surface.

Through trade with China,  kinuta vessels made their way into Japan during the Sung(1127-1279) and Yuan Dynasties (1279-1368) and beyond to Buddhist temples, wealthy warlords and tea masters (like Sen no Rikyu) from the Heian (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333) periods onward. These karamono (Chinese things) became known as Kinuta from the term, "kinu-ita" a process in which cloth was pounded with a kizuchi mallet to shine and soften cloth. Though in this instance identified with the manufacture of cloth, the kizuchi was a general, all purpose wood tool, easily made and used for everything from wood-working, print-making, cloth production and a wide variety of other roles. In general, these newly imported kinuta pieces were not necessarily available for widespread study and the adoption of the form in the Japanese pottery vernacular took some time. With collections in several temples, slowly, but surely, the kinuta form began to be manufactured in Japan in another example of study, copy, adopt and create to best suit indigenous needs.

Like their Chinese counterparts, the Japanese kinuta forms tend to fall in to two categories, those with handles (additions or appendages) and those without. With time, the forms became a bit loser and casual which  reflected the wabi/sabi nature of chanoyu as well as subscribing to an antithetical reaction to the more formalized form. I am not concluding the more casual, deformed and distorted kinuta form is a reaction to the stiffer, more formalized pieces, but the looser forms find their foundations in the original karamono, while seeking to emulate the well used and weathered wood kizuchi as a possible archetype. The more casual form was well suited to a new style of pottery making that swept through the Momoyama period where the perfection of form is subjugated to the perfection of the irregular, the austere and the casual. Most modern Japanese potters seek to emulate that style and with the works of such notable potters as Arakawa Toyozo, Tsukigata Nahiko, Furutani Michio, Hori Ichiro and many others, the beauty of the irregular kinuta is alive and well.

As with most pots that are simple in appearance, the kinuta form is a bit more complex than it would appear. One of the largest challenges, when making the pot is to construct the vessel in a way that the body or base is simpatico with the neck/column of the piece. It may sound easy, but getting the proportions and complimenting angles right takes practiced and a studied eye. From a less than scientific study, the angles of the base are many times mimicked in reverse at the neck and where the form has mostly straight lines, the top and bottom will usually have similar lines as to not create a pot that is visually perceived as two pieces. As for the transition from the base to neck, it is this area that maintains the pot as a whole and keeps the pot from being merely pieces stuck on top of one another, ultimately, this is the weak point for tying the form together and again is navigated through study and practice. Some kinuta also have additions, lugs or appendages added to the neck to break up the line, this is common on seiji and seihakuji pieces which many times have molded additions as well as wood fired pots to deflect and alter the path of the fire and ash. In the end, like any good pot, it is all about trial and error but in this case, we have at least nearly eight centuries of examples to learn from and draw time tested conclusions from.

Illustrated is a kinuta style vase with pinched on lugs by Shigaraki veteran potter, Sawa Kiyotsugu (b. 1948). Made using the coil and throw style of potting, the vase has a sturdy and classic appearance with a great transition from body to neck and completed with an exceptionally seductive lip and mouth all the while pointing to the fact that he has made quite a number of mallet vases. Using primarily red pine for his wood source and firing in both noborigama and anagama, Sawa is not only an accomplished potter, but a mentor to a number of younger potters who are all now coming in to their own. This particular vase was pulled out of the red hot kiln, hikidashi style**, freezing the ash into glass over almost the entire surface of the pot with green glass running around the lip of the mouth and down the piece accentuating the vertical nature of the pot. Like his father before him and his son today, Sawa Kiyotsugu is interested in the possibilities of the clay and fire and is constantly striving to continue imbuing his creative and modern spirit in to every pot he fires.

(*kizuchi; mallet with wooden handle and head,  kanazuchi; hammer with wooden handle and iron head)

(** By following this link, you can see a short video of the hikidashi process showing Sawa Katsunori, son of Kiyotsugu, pulling pots out of the red hot kiln; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnU9uWERpDM   )

SPOTTED, LOW & GOLD

I enjoy making these flat, low teapots with notched handles. In a way, they present the same type of surface as a shallow bowl only in reverse, so there are a number of options for decoration. In this particular case, thrown in terra cotta, I covered the surface in thin black slip and then stamped rows of dots on the surface and glazed the piece in a clear glaze. After the glaze firing, using pure gold lustre, I covered the indented base and the lid in the gold for a post-firing. The finished pot, spotted, low and gold has a simple appearance to it with a throwback to the gilded pottery from the Victorian era. Though obviously not a Haviland teapot, it certainly relies on the past to help create a contemporary piece.